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The biology of beelice (Braulidae)
Beelice (<i>Braulidae</i>) are commensalate wingless and flattened parasitic flies, considered pests of honey bees.The biology of earwigs (Dermaptera).
Most earwigs (<i>Tenebrionidae</i>) have elongated, flattened, dark brown bodies with membranous hindwings folded underneath short forewings. Most have forceps-like cerci (pichersThe biology of beetles (<i>Coleoptera</i>).
Beetles (<i>Coleoptera</i>) are the largest life form on earth with 5-8 million described species. The invertebrate insects inhabitate most non-marine ecosystems except polar regions.The biology of cockroaches (<i>Blattaria</i>).
Within the ca. 4000 species of cockroach (<i>Blattaria</i>), four species including the American cockroach, the German cockroach, the Asian cockroach, and the Oriental cockroach are significant pests.The biology of seed shrimp (ostracods, <i>Ostracoda</i>).
Seed shrimp (ostracods, <i>Ostracoda</i>) are marine or fresh-water crustaceans and usually benthic (living on the seabed) but can be part of the zooplankton.The biology of mantis shrimp (stomatopods, <i>Stomatopoda</i>).
Mantis shrimp (stomatopods, <i>Stomatopoda</i>) or sea locusts are no shrimp but marine crustaceans living in tropical and subtropical oceans.The biology of sea fleas (leptostracans, <i>Leptostraca</i>).
The predominantly benthic (living on the sea floor) sea fleas (leptostracans, <i>Leptostraca</i>) occupy marine environments worldwide.The biology of woodlice and pill bugs (isopods, <i>Isopoda</i>).
Isopods (<i>Decapoda</i>) are small crustaceans with seven pairs of legs. Most species are parasitic with ca. 50% inhabitating marine and fresh-water environments.The biology of skud (amphipods, <i>Amphipoda</i>).
Skud or amphipods (<i>Amphipoda</i>) are mostly marine shrimp-like crustaceans but include also terrestrial species such as sand fleas.The biology of soft-shell crustaceans (<i>Malacostraca</i>).
Soft-shell crustaceans (<i>Malacostraca</i>) cover decapods (crabs, lobsters and shrimp), stomatopods (mantis shrimp), euphausiids (krill), amphipods (skud), and isopods (woodlice).The biology of copepods (<i>Copepoda</i>).
Copepods (<i>Copepoda</i>) are a diverse group of small crustaceans inhabitating marine and freshwater environments.The biology of barnacles (<i>Cirripedia</i>).
Barnacles (<i>Cirripedia</i>) are marine arthropods living in shallow and tidal waters. As encrusters, most barnacles (e.g. <i>Sessilia</i>) dwell in their shell.The biology of branchiopods (<i>Branchiopoda</i>).
Branchiopods (<i>Branchiopoda</i>) are shrimp-like fresh-water crustaceans including brine shrimp (<i>Artemia</i>), water fleas (<i>Daphnia</i>) and the extant clam shrimps.The biology of ticks (<i>Parasitiformes</i>).
Ticks (<i>Parasitiformes</i>) are external, blood-feeding parasites (ectoparasites). As such, ticks can transmit several diseases and are generally regarded as pests.The biology of mites (<i>Acariformes</i>).
Mites (<i>Acariformes</i>) are the most diverse form of the Acarines. Mites occupy habitats in soil or water, and live as parasites on plants and animals.The biology of ticks and mites (<i>Acarina</i>).
Although their phylogeny is disputed, the order <i>Acarina</i> may be divided into ticks (<i>Parasitiformes</i>) and mites (<i>Acariformes</i>).The biology of vinegarroons (<i>Thelyphonida</i>).
Vinegarroons (whip scorpions, <i>Thelyphonida</i>) have six legs for walking while using their modified their first two legs as antennae-like sensory organs.The biology of windspiders (<i>Solifugae</i>).
Although resembling spiders, windspiders (<i>Solifugae</i>) are moderate to large arachnids and closely related to scorpiones. Most windspiders are carnivorous feeding on small arthropods.The biology of scorpions (<i>Scorpiones</i>).
Scorpions (<i>Scorpiones</i>) are predatory arthropod animals with their bodies divided into the cephalothorax (prosoma) and the abdomen (opisthosoma).The biology of pseudoscorpions (<i>Pseudoscorpionida</i>).
Due to their pincers (pedipalps) pseudoscorpions (false scorpions, book scorpions; <i>Pseudoscorpionida</i>) resemble true predatory scorpions (<i>Scorpiones</i>) which are no arachnids.The biology of harvestmen (<i>Opiliones</i>).
Harvestmen (<i>Opiliones</i>) are invertebrate animals in the subphylum <i>Chelicerata</i> but do not belong to the spiders (<i>Araneae</i>).The biology of Phylactolaemata (<i>Phylactolaemata</i>).
In contrast to other bryozoan species, Phylactolaemata (<i>Phylactolaemata</i>) are freshwater invertebrate animals. Colonies are common and abundant in shallow lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams.The biology of Ctenostomata (<i>Ctenostomata</i>).
Ctenostomata (<i>Ctenostomata</i>) are an extinct order of Bryozoans. The marine, invertebrate animals built colonies by budding new animals from a slender, creeping stolon.The biology of Cheilostomata (<i>Cheilostomata</i>).
Cheilostomata (<i>Cheilostomata</i>) contain the most important living bryozoan species. They are colonial marine, invertebrate animals composed of calcium carbonate.The biology of Gymnolaemata (<i>Gymnolaemata</i>).
Gymnolaemata (<i>Gymnolaemata</i>) are marine sea mats growing on surfaces of rocks or other animal species like fish. Stenolaemata include most living bryozoan species.The biology of cyclostomes (<i>Cyclostomatida</i>).
Cyclostomes (<i>Cyclostomatida</i>) are an ancient order of exclusively marine sea mats appearing predominately in temperate and arctic environments.The biology of Stenolaemata (<i>Stenolaemata</i>).
Stenolaemata (<i>Stenolaemata</i>) are marine sea mats characterized by tubular zooids with calcified walls. Most forms contain a lophophore but no operculum.The biology of crustaceans (<i>Crustacea</i>).
Most crustaceans (<i>Crustacea</i>) are aquatic arthropods, living in marine and fresh-water environments whereas terrestrial crabs are adapted to life on land.The biology of sea spiders (<i>Pycnogonida</i>).
Sea spiders (<i>Pycnogonida</i>) are marine chelicerate arthropods most common in shallow waters. They use four to six pairs of comparably long legs for walking.
